Free Will And Punishment Essay - 1383 Words

Free Will and Punishment Free will can be defined as the power to make our own choices and decisions. It is greatly influence by our type of government, laws, and our own moral decisions. Utopian, authoritarian, and libertarian societies express different views on how individuals can make their own choices and what or who effects their decisions. Most people wish for a perfect utopian society where everything is ideal including laws, government, and our social conditions. However, a perfect utopia is just a dream one can never truly receive. An authoritarian view of government views the people in its society as incapable of governing themselves and making appropriate decisions. Therefore, they believe the ruling authority should make all the decisions for the people of that society. Many libertarians are against this idea and believe we should have little government control or oppose the existence of a government altogether. There are many theories on free will including the deterministic and nondeterm inistic theories. Compatibilist, individuals that believe their free will is controlled by a sovereign God, share the belief that free will and determinism go hand in hand (MzEllen, 2010). Free will and punishment are expressed differently throughout every society and are relative to our culture, morals, and government. Types of Societies An individual’s free will is affected by the type of society to which they belong. If promised a perfect utopia, a person wouldShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice System: Classical School Theory1481 Words   |  6 Pagescommit a crime. Beccaria believed in social contract, when one chooses to live in a society, then on chooses to give up some personal liberties in exchange for the safety and comfort of a society. Laws are designed as the condition of a society of free willed and rational individuals. There is a need to have some system set up in order to ensure that the individuals in the society are protected against any individual or groups of individuals that want to violate the personal liberties in the socialRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1358 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica s criminal justice system. He gives many reasons why imprisonment simply does not work, and suggests that corporal punishment should be used as an alternative. Published in the Boston Globe, a newspaper well known for being liberal, Jacoby provides a conservative view and directs his argument towards those who strongly support imprisonment and view corporal punishment to be highly barbaric and inhumane. However, in order to shed light on our current situation, Jacoby discusses the dangersRead MoreKoch Body Paragraphs860 Words   |  3 PagesKoch Body Paragraphs In April 1985, Edward I. Koch published his essay on capital punishment in the liberal magazine New Republic. Koch was a hardworking congressman who eventually became the gutsy mayor of New York between 1978 and 1989. In his essay â€Å"Death and Justice†, he addresses common arguments liberals make against the death penalty. According to Koch, â€Å"Life is indeed precious.... had the death penalty been a real possibility in the minds of these murderers, they might well have stayedRead MoreTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). 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Euthanasi Vaccine Refusal On Religious Grounds - 1624 Words

Bioethics: Vaccine Refusal on Religious Grounds in the Context of Navin’s Argument Kayla S. Butsko Vanderbilt University Bioethics: Vaccine Refusal on Religious Grounds in the Context of Navin’s Argument Introduction In the article, â€Å"Resisting Moral Permissiveness about Vaccine Refusal,† Dr. Mark Navin argues against Dr. Bob Sears’ case by insisting that vaccination refusal on the grounds of prioritizing the interest of one’s own children over the interests of public health is not morally justified. He provides two strong moral reasons that he uses to justify his case in favor of vaccinations. Both of these reasons, he suggests, should compel people to get vaccinated and to vaccinate their children. However, Navin fails to recognize the group of people who have strong religious beliefs against vaccinations and the way that they fit into his two arguments. He bases his argument solely on the assumption that people who refuse vaccines for their children are doing so in line with the notion of parental partiality, but it is more complex than that. This paper examines in depth how both of Navin’s arguments cannot apply to everyone, in particular the subgroup of those with religious grounds for vaccine refusal. It also expands upon the problems that arise if his arguments are applied to those with religious grounds for vaccine refusal. Navin’s Issue of Fairness In his first sub-argument, Navin uses the issue of fairness to justify why people ought to feel the need

Wireless Energy Transfer

Question: Describe about a Report on Wireless Energy Transfer? Answer: Wireless Communication System and Shannon's capacity formula and Nyquist criterion Shannons capacity The rate of transfer of information in a communication channel is represented by Shannons capacity criteria of a channel. Capacity of a channel is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted. Theorem of ShannonHartley represents the maximum transformation rate of information in presence of noise for a specific set of bandwidth over a communications channel. Data communication can be explained very well in the words as how fast the data can be sent in form of bits in a second over the channel. Three different features of Data rate are given as follows: Available Bandwidth Signalling level used by the user Signal to noise ratio of Channel The criterion of Shannon capacity states that the capacity of channel represented by C, also called the upper limit of information transmission rate represented by R is denoted by the formula of Shannon capacity for the signal having power S and additive white Gaussian noise power N of an analog communication channel can be represented by the formula: Where C = Capacity of the channel (bits per second) B = Bandwidth (in Hertz) S = Average of the total signal; received powerover the specified bandwidth (in Watts or squared value of volt) N = Average of total noise power for the indicatedbandwidth, S/N = Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) Shannons Capacity criterion in wireless communication Maximum capacity of a channel can be represented as the maximum data transmission C rate over a channel. Data transmission rate should always be less than channel capacity to avoid errors and improve the probability of transmission. the information rate should be R C. For the data rate greater than capacity error in the channel can- not be avoided. So the reversal of the Shannons theorem is also valid if R C. With the change in channel bandwidth the data rate also changes; increased bandwidth changes the capacity of channel as well as the information rate. Increment in signal to noise ratio SNR improves the channel capacity and prevents the errors due to noise. Nyquist criterion Nyquist rate gives the upper bound of the data transmission rate. Nyquist Criterion states that the rate at which signal is sampled should be greater than the maximum rate of the signal, also called the Sampling theorem. In the wireless communication system Nyquist criterion is utilized to remove aliasing. Numerical Example Suppose we have a channel that is affected by an extreme noise and the value of the signal to noise ratio for this channel is 0. Means the noised is strong and the signal is very weak in comparison to noise. For this condition the channel capacity C can be considered as: The solution shows that the capacity of the given channel is 0 with respect to the bandwidth. In other words, data reception can-not be performed through this channel. Suppose the given SNRdB is 46 dB and 5 MHz is the channel bandwidth . The capacity of channelcan be consideredhypothetically as: Explanation (b) Matlab Program for Shannons Theorem SNR (dB) 10 20 30 40 Bandwidth (MHz) 10 10 5 5 Data Rate /Capacity (Mbps) 3.46 6.69 4.98 6.64 Number of Signalling Levels 3 10 32 100 Channel capacity depends on Bandwidth. With an increment in BW channel capacity also increases. From the mathematical analysis it is clear that with the change in SNR channel capacity also changes. It can be concluded that with increasing SNR and reducing BW the channel capacity can be maintained at an appropriate level. References George, J. ,2013. Future Proof. How Wireless Energy Transfer Will Kill the Power Cable. MaximumPC. Higgins:, J. R., 1985. Five short stories about the cardinal series, Bulletin of the AMS 12. Marks II,, R. J., 2009. Handbook of Fourier Analysis and Its Applications, Oxford University Press. Unser, M. , 2000. Sampling-50 Years after Shannon. Proc. IEEE, 569-587. Robust demand for mobile phone service will continue, UN agency predicts., 2010. UN News Centre . Jerri, A., 1977. The Shannon Sampling TheoremIts Various Extensions and Applications: A Tutorial Review. Proceedings of the IEEE. Linebaugh, K., 2010. Medical Devices in Hospitals go wireless. Online.wsj. The Wall Street Journal. Meijering, E., 2002. A Chronology of Interpolation From Ancient Astronomy to Modern Signal and Image Processing. Proc. IEEE. Mishali, M., Eldar, Y. C., 2009. Blind Multiband Signal Reconstruction: Compressed Sensing for Analog Signals. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing 57. Nyquist, H., 2002. Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. Reprint as classic paper in: Proc. IEEE, 617-644.

Originality Imitation and Copyright Essay Example

Originality Imitation and Copyright Essay Zigkeyeah Collier CMST-223 Kovalcheck December 2, 2010 Originality, Imitation, and Copyright â€Å"He who imitates must have a care that what he writes be similar, not identical†- Petrach, Le familiari, XXIII (14thc) The foundation of the copyright law is built on the principle and idealistic American value of originality. Recognized as a Western ideal and value in the 18th century, originality is culturally constructed and accepted, but not truly defined, as an aspect of a created work that is deemed new or novel and is distinguishable from reproductions, copies, or other derivative works. In law, originality has become an important legal concept with respect to intellectual property, where creativity and invention have manifest as copyrightable works. Therefore, the institution of the copyright law protected originality by deeming a piece of work to be paramount while reducing all derivatives to copies or imitations. However, the extent of protection that the copyright law carries is limited, for the copyright law does not protect ideas, themes, or subject matter, only craftsmanship or form (Alfrey, 2000). As a result, under the law two identical pieces of work are able to claim protection, provided the effort behind each work is discernibly independent of one another. There is no statutory definition of infringement, just as there is no statutory definition of originality. However, copying, even if unintentional, can still surmount to a conviction of infringement. Proof must then â€Å"rely on circumstantial evidence, which requires scrutinizing the manner and sequence in which the artist worked† (Alfrey, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In other words, the perpetrator must supply sufficient evidence showing that no intention was made to copy the â€Å"essential quality of a particular work† causing an unfair advantage of effort of work from the predecessor (Alfrey, 2000). Yet the legality aspect of originality does not linger on similarities and differences in artistic merit, but focuses solely on the illicit reproduction and replication of style and form. The legal system differentiates imitation from copying by delineating the two into separate actions. Petrarch an Italian scholar, poet, and â€Å"Father of Humanism† best compares the two forms of action in his piece Le familiari when he writes: â€Å"He who imitates must have a care that what he writes be similar, not identical . . . and that the similarity should not be of the kind that obtains between a portrait and a sitter, where the artist earns the more praise the greater the likeness, but rather of the kind that obtains between a son and his father . . we (too) should take care that when one thing is like, many should be unlike, and that what is like should be hidden so as to be grasped only by the minds silent enquiry, intelligible rather than describable. We should therefore make use of another mans inner quality and tone, but avoid his words. For the one kind of similarity is hidden and the other protrudes; the one creates poets, the other apes. † (Petrach, Le familiari, XXIII) Imitation is distinguishable from copying in that it allows the imitator a certain amount of freedom to move in any artistic direction desired as long as he does not directly quote from the from a specific piece of work without acknowledgement. In contrast, the action of copying is a form of direct reproduction with little to indistinguishable differentiation from the original piece of work. The ancient philosopher, Plato, created a mythical being he called the simulacrum (Plato, 1984). Found within the lowest ring of in the hierarchy of the arts of producing a work, the simulacrum is able to re-image itself, in an attempt to double any figure it chooses. The simulacrum, however, is not able to completely model or replicate itself exactly like the first figure, but only able to portray a â€Å"distant semblance†, so that the doubled figure seemingly looks copied but is different or imitated and thus corrupted (Striphas, 2009). Although the simulacrum does not replicate an exact copy of the first figure, its false portrayal creates a blurring of the boundary lines separating the definitions of what is considered original and by default what is regarded as a derivative, resulting in the questioning of what truly constitutes a work as original and if originality is able to exist. The 2000 Harry Potter trademark and copyright infringement case entitled, Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. . Nancy Stouffer, best exemplifies the contested problems the figure of the simulacrum can cause when determining originality, yet also show how the concept of simulacra can be used in the legal realm to support the copyright law and intellectual property rights. The Scholastic, Inc. et. al. v. Stouffer case began in August of 1999, when Nancy Stouffer and her lawyers requested that she receive compensation from Scholastic Inc. , the American publisher for the Harry Potter series by J. K . Rowling. She alleged that many of the physical attributes of Harry Potter as well as terminology presented throughout the book, such as the word â€Å"Muggles† were â€Å"willfully borrowed without permission, or copied, from her own books entitled the Legend of Rah and the Muggles which had been published in 1988 or a decade earlier (Stouffer, 2001). Stouffer then argued that she was the only one who held ownership rights to the word â€Å"Muggles† and therefore was the only one who could license it (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Although it seems reasonable that Stouffer would be the one to file suit, in November of 1999, it was Scholastic, Inc. that filed a case against Nancy Stouffer, in order to get a â€Å"declaratory judgment that they had not infringed and are not infringing any of†¦Nancy Stouffer’s copyrights or trademarks† (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Strategically, this made Stouffer the defendant and required that she bear the burden of proof, and it was Stouffer that had to present evidence declaring that her works were the original and not the simulacrum and therefore required protection of original ownership under the law. To build her defense, Stouffer presented six key pieces of evidence each having copyright dates of 1988 and older while also showing a title with the lucrative word, â€Å"Muggle† and pictures of her character called, Larry Potter, which had a very strong resemblance to Rowling’s Harry Potter (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Stouffer’s case seemed solid, except she lacked one important piece of evidence that showed J. K. Rowling â€Å"willfully† copied her work and violated her intellectual property rights (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). This is important because only structural replication, not ideas and themes, are protected under the copyright law and are accepted as infringement in cases of right to intellectual property. Seemingly, Stouffer’s defense case was solid; however, Scholastic’s team of attorneys implemented the idea of simulacra to denounce Stouffer’s evidence as fraudulent and corrupt. The team showed through several feats of incredible engineering that the words â€Å"The Legend of† and â€Å"the Muggles† were printed in ink and through technology that was only available in 1991 or later. They also found that an advertisement found in a magazine that Stouffer had presented as evidence was a reconstructed version of the original ad, which Scholastic’s attorneys presented to the court. The advertisement endorsed a book entitled â€Å"Rah† instead of â€Å"The Legend of Rah and the Muggles† which was on the falsified version Stouffer presented. Lastly, they discredited photocopies and a paragraph from a book mentioning the name of the alleged Larry Potter, by again proving that the inks used in the photos were not produced until sometime after 1991 or 1992 (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). The Plaintiffs had not particularly shown that Rowling’s work was original, but had successfully unveiled the simulacrumatic nature of Stouffer’s work deeming it unoriginal as well. This resulted in the court decision that the â€Å"Plaintiffs’ publication, distribution, and exploitation of the Harry Potter books do not violate any of Stouffer’s intellectual property right. Stouffer is permanently enjoined from making false representations to third parties indications that she owns all right in the â€Å"Muggle† and â€Å"Muggles† trademark and copyrights, indicating that plaintiffs have violated her intellectual property rights†. Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2002) Yet, what is most interesting about the case is that Stouffer had some legitimate evidence that in 1992, she had successfully contested for trademark registration for the word â€Å"Muggle†, in 1986, she had copyrighted and illustration of a Muggle character, and i n 1987 she copyrighted a song called â€Å"Muggle-bye† which was placed with the book â€Å"Rah† (â€Å"’Harry Potter’ book lawsuit†, 2000). Unfortunately, the court dismissed this evidence after learning that Stouffer not only failed to register the word with the federal trademark office until February of 2000, but also that Rowling acquired her term â€Å"Muggle† from an English slang word, meaning â€Å"easily-fooled† (Bone, 2000) and Stouffer had acquired her term â€Å"Muggle† from a nickname which she oftentimes called her son (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2002). Again, the court does not care so much about ideas or themes in context, but the craftsmanship, acquisition, and form of the content. Since both women had crafted the term â€Å"Muggle† from different perspectives, the court decided that the word could have no since of specific origin and therefore void of any sense of originality, so even Scholastic, Inc. could not trademark the word. There are many other instances outside this case where the word Muggle appears (Thomas, 2000). So in the absence of an origin, all the instances where the word â€Å"Muggle† can be found can be deduced as all the same†¦but different (Striphas, 2009). The copyright law cannot be based on absolute uniqueness, but must recognize originality in terms of â€Å"firstness in order† to separate two works that seem identical or â€Å"substantially similar† (Gaines, 1991). In the scholastic case, the origin of the word Muggles were so dissimilar that a judgment in firstness in order could not be rendered. Therefore, simulacra, or the idea of imitation, should have business in the legal realm since it only causes confusion and problems, but from the aforementioned case of Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer the simulacra does not always have to operate outside or against the law but can be used as an â€Å"instrument to secure exclusive property claims as well† (Striphas, 2009). Originality, if it exists at all, is not an absolute; its identification is subject to a scale of relative values and knowledge, it is conditional to time and place. It must be measured against its imitators. However, the development of the idea of individualism elevates the value of originality and, at the same time, blurs its definition (Alfrey, 2000). Individualism has continually encumbered many generations of artists and creators with the increasingly elusive search and goal of achieving originality. As more ideas and their expressions are generated with each passing year, originality becomes more rare and imitation more present with the use of precedent becoming more insistent and inescapable. Works Cited Alfrey, Penelope. Petrarchs Apes: Originality, Plagiarism and. MIT Communications Forum. MIT, 2000. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. . Bone, J. Magical Authors Go to War on Custody of Muggles. The Time (2000). Lexis-Nexis. 18 Mar. 2000. Gaines, J. â€Å"Contested Culture: The Image, the Voice, and the Law. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. â€Å"‘Harry Potter’ book lawsuit: â€Å"Legend of Rah and Muggles† author claims trademark violations†. Burden of Proof. 5 Jul. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2010. . Petrarch, Le familiari, XXIII, quoted in Gombrich, E. , â€Å"Norm and Form: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance†. Phaidon Press, 1966. Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, and Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. v. Nancy Stouffer. 99 Civ. 11480 (AGS), 124 F. Supp. 2d 836 (S. D. N. Y), 2000. Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, and Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. v. Nancy Stouffer. 99 Civ. 11480 (AGS), 221 F. Supp. 2d 425 (S. D. N. Y), 2002. Striphas, Ted. Harry Potter and the Simulacrum: Contested Copies in an Age of Intellectual Property. Critical Studies in Media Communication 26. 4 (2009): 295-311. Thomas, I. â€Å"CNN is Mugged by the ‘Muggle Affair. ’† Slate. 21 Jul. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2010 .

In Regards To

In Regards To In Regards To In Regards To By Maeve Maddox A web search for â€Å"in regards to† brings up 680 million links, thousands of which lead to articles telling readers that â€Å"in regards to† is nonstandard English. Apparently quite a few English speakers have managed to avoid reading any of them. Nonstandard â€Å"in regards to† continues to spread, and not just on blogs and in comments written by the educationally challenged. Here are some examples from sites that aspire to some sort of professional expertise: Elasticity of Ridership In Regards to Transit Fare and Service Changes headline over an About.com article ICA President McLean Changes Tune in Regards to CCE headline at The Chronicle of Chiropractic Nitrogen Inversion in regards to Stereochemistry title of study guide at ucla.edu McDonalds in regards to globalization and business change title of an essay offered at a UK site The phrase â€Å"in regard to† means â€Å"about, regarding, concerning.† Speakers who put an â€Å"s† on regard in â€Å"in regard to† and â€Å"with regard to† are perhaps confusing these phrases with â€Å"as regards†: As regards your question concerning the membership of the Universal House BBC policy as regards interviewers/journalists and their relationship with government officials In the expressions â€Å"in regard to† and â€Å"with regard to,† regard is a noun; in the expression â€Å"as regards,† regards is a verb. The noun regard does take the plural in certain other idioms. For example, Give my regards to your parents. Best regards, Sam Speakers who find it difficult to remember to omit the â€Å"s† can avoid nonstandard â€Å"in regards to† and â€Å"with regards to† by using regarding in their place. Related post: In Regard to Your Letter Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Used To vs. Use ToHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Reflection and DQ's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection and DQ's - Essay Example As such, CSR was described to entail elements which include commitment to serve the best interests of society; yet ensuring that the organization grows through the generation of profits. Without earning financial resources, the organization would not be able to sustain continued operations in producing products or services that would benefit its stakeholders, including the environment and the general public. Finally, the success of CSR also requires consumer social responsibilities to do their part in sustaining and supporting the organization’s commitment to succeed in their field of endeavor. One shares similar contentions that the popularity of applying CSR was considered analogous to a bandwagon paradigm. By merely asserting that the organization adheres to CSR philosophies was already indicative of conformity to ethical, moral, and legal standards. As explained in the video, there are crucial ingredients to consider before CSR could be effectively exemplified. One strongly believes that CSR would only be successful and effective, if and when, the board members or members of the executive team have in-depth understanding of what CSR ideals and philosophies entail. As such, it was commendable to insinuate that the application of CSR goes hand in hand with corporate governance. Thus, organizations should not publicly promote adherence to CSR philosophies without genuine commitment to abiding with ethical standards. There should be a balanced application of business practices that give equal weights to generation of profits vis-Ã  -vis serving the interests of others. The description of CSR accurately attested an exemplary understanding of the relevant lessons presented from the video. The commitment of the organization to look beyond what they offer in terms of products or services that generate profits, to include the ensuring that the effects of these products (or services) generate positive impact to society

The Industrial Revolution in England Personal Statement

The Industrial Revolution in England - Personal Statement Example But this is the story of the working class. Enclosure meant that the poor, rather than the rich, constituted landless labourers. The working class had therefore lost their independence, their soul and dignity to work. But my quality of life despite this may have improved in general. The Industrial Revolution changed Manchester from a rural, and agricultural society, to an urban and industrial society. The Industrial Revolution has bought significant benefits. The spinning jenny has reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, the Industrial Revolution has also bought to us the steam engine, and the power driven machinery in the textile industry, in our mills, for steam-powered looms for weaving. Importantly, families are now able to generate a greater income, as the wife is now able to stay at home and work the fields whilst the husband can work freely in the factory. But a Manchester once made up of peasant farmers, enjoying rural England, became unfortunately a Manchester soaked in sap and tar that so vehemently attacked our lungs. Despite technological advances, Manchester factories turned into breeding grounds for slave-driven worker standards. Revenue took over from efficiency; employer standards took priority over employee standards. But improvements in travel conditions, such as stronger bridges and roads, and the other inventions that we can now exploit, such as the st